Her fatherWilliam X,. [7] Her parents almost certainly married in 1121. He was interred at the feet of the tomb of his great-grandfather, Henry I, in Westminster Abbey. [5] She lived well into the reign of her youngest son, John. We have a full Biography, Photos, Theatre Credits, and more! Eleanor was not. I found that period fascinating (and given my interest in the Wars of the Roses I was worried that civil wars fascinated me so much). In July 1189, with the death of her estranged husband Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine was finally released from fifteen years of captivity. Eleanor of Aquitaine also formally took up the cross symbolic of the Second Crusade during a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux. About four miles from Shrewsbury and close by Haughmond Abbey is "Queen Eleanor's Bower", the remains of a possible triangular timber castle which is believed to have been one of her prisons. I hope I have done them justice in my biography and tried to view them more as people than political caricatures. [36] However, during the French Revolution the abbey of Fontevraud was sacked and the tombs were disturbed and vandalised consequently the bones of Eleanor, Henry, Richard, Joanna and Isabella of Angoulme were exhumed and scattered, never to be recovered. He was the future of the place that meant the most to her. [39], Eleanor serves as an important allegorical figure in Ezra Pound's early Cantos.[40]. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. He then went to his uncle Robert, Earl of Gloucester, who also declined to help him out of the fix he was in. [9][13][14] Louis donated the vase to the Basilica of St Denis. However, while camping near Nicea, the remnants of the German army, including a dazed and sick Conrad III, staggered past the French camp, bringing news of their disaster. Just outside Poitiers she was ambushed and held captive by Hugh IX of Lusignan, whose lands had been sold to HenryII by his forebears. She had her tomb placed beside that she had commissioned for her husband, Henry, suggesting again a fondness that undermines the view of their relationship as fractious and difficult. Purchase Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine: Founding of an Empire at bookshop.org or bookdepository.com. I particularly liked the story of him bringing a small mercenary force to England when he was fourteen to chance his arm. The king was madly in love with his beautiful and worldly bride, however, and granted her every whim, even though her behaviour baffled and vexed him. He fled to Paris. [6] On the other hand, some chronicles mention a fidelity oath of some lords of Aquitaine on the occasion of Eleanor's fourteenth birthday in 1136. As such, she was away from William, who had been left behind as a figurehead, when he passed away. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmus, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Eleanor would remain in England for most of the rest of Henrys life in what is usually characterised as comfortable house arrest. During Richard's absence, royal authority in England was represented by a Council of Regency in conjunction with a succession of chief justiciarsWilliam de Longchamp (11901191), Walter deCoutances (11911193), and finally Hubert Walter. Eleanor and Louis VII had two daughters, Marie and Alix. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. She played a prominent part in government and a patrons role in the development of both troubadour poetry and the Arthurian legends. Her letter dated 1193, presents her strong expressions of personal suffering as a result of Richard's captivity and informs the Pope that in her grief she is "wasted away by sorrow".[35]. By this marriage she hoped to ensure peace between the Plantagenets of England and the Capetian kings of France. Henry and Eleanor became king and queen of England in 1154. [9] Some believe that Eleanor's court in Poitiers was the "Court of Love" where Eleanor and her daughter Marie meshed and encouraged the ideas of troubadours, chivalry, and courtly love into a single court. She had her tomb placed beside that she had commissioned for her husband, Henry, suggesting again a fondness that undermines the view of their relationship as fractious and difficult. Eleanor of Aquitaine, also called Eleanor of Guyenne, French lonore or Alinor, d'Aquitaine or de Guyenne, (born c. 1122died April 1, 1204, Fontevrault, Anjou, France), queen consort of both Louis VII of France (1137-52) and Henry II of England (1152-1204) and mother of Richard I (the Lion-Heart) and John of England. In 1141, the Archbishopric of Bourges became vacant, and the king put forward as a candidate one of his chancellors, Cadurc, while vetoing the one suitable candidate, Pierre de la Chatre, who was promptly elected by the canons of Bourges and consecrated by the Pope. Since Geoffrey was Eleanor's vassal, many believed that it was she who had been ultimately responsible for the change in plan, and thus the massacre. Manage Settings Horrified, and desiring an end to the war, Louis attempted to make peace with Theobald in exchange for his support in lifting the interdict on Raoul and Petronilla. She had been locked away by her husband since 1173, following her complicit involvement in her sons' rebellions against Henry II. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. "[19], Official blame for the disaster was placed on Geoffrey de Rancon, who had made the decision to continue, and it was suggested that he be hanged, a suggestion which the king ignored. [10] Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and strong-willed. Her four-year-old brother William Aigret and their mother died at the castle of Talmont on Aquitaine's Atlantic coast in the spring of 1130. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with representations of magnificent jewellery; such effigies were rare, and Eleanor's is one of the finest of the few that survive from this period. From 1147 to 1149 Eleanor accompanied Louis on the Second Crusade to protect the fragile Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, founded after the First Crusade only 50 years before, from Turkish assault. [9] However, until a husband was found, the king had the legal right to Eleanor's lands. Eleanor, aged 12 to 15, then became the duchess of Aquitaine, and thus the most eligible heiress in Europe. Join Facebook to connect with Eleanor Henry and others you may know. Select this result to view Eleanor D Henry's phone number, address, and more. When war broke out between John and Philip, Eleanor declared her support for John and set out from Fontevraud to her capital Poitiers to prevent her grandson Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, posthumous son of Eleanor's son Geoffrey and John's rival for the English throne, from taking control. It also got Henry and his men out of England quickly and without trouble. While in the eastern Mediterranean, Eleanor learned about maritime conventions developing there, which were the beginnings of what would become admiralty law. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Ive asked author and historian Matthew Lewis to be a guest today. [4] She also learned domestic skills such as household management and the needle arts of embroidery, needlepoint, sewing, spinning, and weaving. He and Eleanor were anointed and crowned king and queen of France on Christmas Day of the same year. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France. [4] The marriage was annulled on 21 March 1152 on the grounds of consanguinity within the fourth degree. Like so many other facets of their story, I dont think the traditional story paints the full picture. Her numerous children included Richard I and John, both of whom assumed the British throne. In the same year she helped to defend Anjou and Aquitaine against her grandson Arthur of Brittany, thus securing Johns French possessions. Eleanor of Aquitaine was perhaps the most powerful woman in 12th-century Europe, extremely active in politics as wife and mother of various kings. Eleanor Henry was born on June 7, 1897, and died at age 79 years old in October 1976. It was a sure sign Henry had launched the invasion without permission and this felt like the medieval teenage equivalent of being put on the naughty step. She has been played by Martita Hunt in The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), Jill Esmond in the British TV adventure series The Adventures of Robin Hood (19551960), Phyllis Neilson-Terry in the British TV adventure series Ivanhoe (1958), Yvonne Mitchell in the BBC TV drama series The Legend of Robin Hood (1975), Sin Phillips in the TV series Ivanhoe (1997), and Tusse Silberg in the TV series The New Adventures of Robin Hood (1997). Her semi-imprisonment in England ended only with the death of Henry II in 1189. She is survived by her husband of over 76 years Chester, three . Eleanor was in her mid-forties, and the couple had seven children, including four sons (no doubt to Louis VIIs irritation!). Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers, who possessed one of the largest domains in Francelarger, in fact, than those held by the French king. It feels like something we could do with more of today. Age Range Adult, Mature Adult Role Size . This tragedy was too much for the elderly queen, who was fatigued and unable to continue to Normandy. Still without a son and in danger of being left with no male heir, as well as facing substantial opposition to Eleanor from many of his barons and her own desire for annulment, Louis bowed to the inevitable. A few weeks later, Eleanor's father-in-law died and her husband succeeded him as King Louis VII. In Paris as the queen of France, she was called Helienordis, her honorific name as written in the Latin epistles. Eleanor of Aquitaine (c.1122 1 April 1204; French: Alinor d'Aquitaine, pronounced[aljen dakitn]) was Queen of France from 1137 to 1152 as the wife of King Louis VII,[1] Queen of England from 1154 to 1189 as the wife of King Henry II, and Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right from 1137 until her death in 1204. At this point, Eleanor was 49 - already deemed an elderly woman. Flower and Hawk is a monodrama for soprano and orchestra, written by American composer, Carlisle Floyd that premiered in 1972, in which the soprano (Eleanor of Aquitaine) relives past memories of her time as queen, and at the end of the monodrama, hears the bells that toll for Henry II's death, and in turn, her freedom. Rather than act as guardian to the duchess and duchy, he decided to marry the duchess to his 17-year-old heir and bring Aquitaine under the control of the French crown, thereby greatly increasing the power and prominence of France and its ruling family, the House of Capet. Louis of France had remarried and been widowed; he married for the third time and finally fathered a long-hoped-for son, Philip Augustus, also known as DieudonnGod-given. Custody of them was awarded to King Louis. She stayed for two months at the Castilian court, then late in March journeyed with granddaughter Blanche back across the Pyrenees. As the heiress of the House of Poitiers, which controlled much of . In addition, having been close to him in their youth, she now showed what was considered to be "excessive affection" towards her uncle.[22]. Eleanor has her eyes open, watchful still. Arthur learned of her whereabouts and besieged her in the castle of Mirebeau. To strengthen their argument, they state that there is no other evidence that Marie ever stayed with her mother in Poitiers. The daughters were Matilda, who married Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria; Eleanor, who married Alfonso VIII, king of Castile; and Joan, who married successively William II, king of Sicily, and Raymond VI, count of Toulouse. According to feudal customs, Eleanor then regained possession of Aquitaine, and two months later she married the grandson of Henry I of England, Henry Plantagenet, count of Anjou and duke of Normandy. As soon as the annulment was granted, Eleanor became engaged to her third cousin Henry, Duke of Normandy. Borders and rights were often left deliberately in fuzzy, grey areas to avoid endless disputes, but Henry craved definition and certainty. When Eleanor died in 1204 at the age of 80, she elected to be buried where she had spent her final years, at Fontevraud Abbey. The king had many mistresses, but although he treated earlier liaisons discreetly, he flaunted Rosamund. As the mother to Richard the Lionheart, she helped him sure up his succession, find him a wife, manage his lands while he was on campaign, and spring into action at the age of 68 to raise and personally deliver his ransom when he was taken prisoner on the way home from the Holy Land. They have also lived in Columbus, GA and Fort Mitchell, AL. Thus, her holdings would not be merged with France until the next generation. The death of William, one of the king's most powerful vassals, made available the most desirable duchy in France. In December 1154, Henry and Eleanor arrived in England for their joint coronation. He was ruthless when crossed and some of his contemporaries uneasily credited the story that his family, the Plantagenets, were descended from the Devil a tale that the Plantagenets themselves delighted to encourage. [3] Eventually, Louis agreed to an annulment, as fifteen years of marriage had not produced a son. In 1199 Richard died without leaving an heir to the throne, and John was crowned king. In the 1968 film The Lion in Winter, Eleanor is played by Katharine Hepburn, who won the third of her four Academy Awards for Best Actress for her portrayal, and Henry again is portrayed by O'Toole. She preferred him to her grandson Arthur, Duke of Brittany because the latter had been raised under French wings, out of her control. Queen Elanor's Confession, or Queen Eleanor's Confession, is Child ballad 156. Please sign up to receive Sharon Kay Penman's newsletter to get the latest news and events. Louis was a weak and ineffectual military leader with no skill for maintaining troop discipline or morale, or of making informed and logical tactical decisions. Henry made the apparently absurd move of asking King Stephen, his mothers cousin, but his rival for the throne of England, to bail him out. . As the heiress of the House of Poitiers, which controlled much of southwestern France, she was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. However, this rumour may have been a ruse, as Raymond, through Eleanor, had been trying to induce Louis to use his army to attack the actual Muslim encampment at nearby Aleppo, gateway to retaking Edessa, which had all along, by papal decree, been the main objective of the Crusade. In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that the Crusade would jeopardise the tenuous safety of his empire. Copyright 2023 History Today Ltd. Company no. In 1173 she joined with her son in a revolt against King Henry, and spent 16 years in prison as a consequence. Check out Eleanor Henry's Bio Now Henry was nineteen years old, bull-necked, stocky and freckled, a man of electric energy and ferocious impatience, compelling charm and an ungovernable temper. When their third son Geoffrey also dies, Henry seems to want to spend time with Eleanor. All rights reserved. He possessed one of the largest domains in France, and upon his death in 1137 she inherited the duchy of Aquitaine. A book on rebellions in the medieval era is due soon, and Matts current project is a biography of Warwick the Kingmaker, in a return the fifteenth century. Eleanor (or Alinor) was the oldest of three children of William X, Duke of Aquitaine, whose glittering ducal court was renowned in early 12th-century Europe, and his wife, Aenor de Chtellerault, the daughter of Aimery I, Viscount of Chtellerault, and Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard, who was William IX's longtime mistress as well as Eleanor's maternal grandmother. After King Henry's death Eleanor lived on for many years, even ruling England as Queen Dowager while her son Richard the Lionheart was on crusade. [29], There is no claim that Eleanor invented courtly love, for it was a concept that had begun to grow before Eleanor's court arose. Henry was nineteen years old, bull-necked, stocky and . Now 77, Eleanor set out from Poitiers. [Berman 228.][why?]) Although Eleanor held no formal office in England during this period, she arrived in England in the company of Coutances in June 1191, and for the remainder of Richard's absence, she exercised a considerable degree of influence over the affairs of England as well as the conduct of Prince John. Under both Richard and John she was active in matters of state and she died eventually in a nunnery at Fontrevault in Anjou in her early eighties in 1204, having been for much of a lifetime probably the most powerful woman in Europe. Eleanor was allowed to return to the place she loved above all others as its duchess, to train Richard in the tricky art of ruling Aquitaine. Louis's long march to Jerusalem and back north, which Eleanor was forced to join, debilitated his army and disheartened her knights; the divided Crusade armies could not overcome the Muslim forces, and the royal couple had to return home. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. In the 2003 television film version, Eleanor was played by Glenn Close alongside Patrick Stewart as Henry. It may have been largely to teach manners, something the French courts would be known for in later generations. Many men, horses, and much of the baggage were cast into the canyon below. For Eleanor, the appeal of Henry was probably less some passionate obsession with a younger man than a realistic assessment of who was single and in a position to protect her and Aquitaine. As they ascended the mountains, however, the army and the king and queen were horrified to discover the unburied corpses of the Germans killed earlier. They were in high spirits on Christmas Eve, when they chose to camp in a lush valley near Ephesus. All that can be said is that her court at Poitiers was most likely a catalyst for the increased popularity of courtly love literature in the Western European regions. Much money went into making the austere Cit Palace in Paris more comfortable for Eleanor's sake.[13]. A book rests on her chest, though in typically enigmatic style, we are left to guess what she may be reading. The couple married on Whitsun, 18 May 1152. He records some twenty-one cases, the most famous of them being a problem posed to the women about whether true love can exist in marriage. Although they escaped this attempt unharmed, stormy weather drove Eleanor's ship far to the south to the Barbary Coast and caused her to lose track of her husband. On television, she has been portrayed in this play by Una Venning in the BBC Sunday Night Theatre version (1952) and by Mary Morris in the BBC Shakespeare version (1984). Henry II was elsewhere, attending to his own affairs after escorting Eleanor there. On her way back to Aquitaine, Eleanor had been the subject to two kidnap attempts that aimed to force her into marriage. What was Eleanor of Aquitaines childhood like? During her imprisonment, Eleanor became more and more distant from her sons, especially from Richard, who had always been her favourite. She was instrumental in turning the court of Poitiers, then frequented by the most famous troubadours of the time, into a centre of poetry and a model of courtly life and manners. Publishers Weekly. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Louis and later his son Philip II consistently tried to drive a wedge between Henry and his sons to disrupt the vast territories they saw as a challenge to Capetian authority. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. However, he died on Good Friday of that year (9April). Henry and Eleanor are the main characters in James Goldman's 1966 play The Lion in Winter, which was made into a film in 1968 starring Peter O'Toole as Henry and Katharine Hepburn in the role of Eleanor, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress Motion Picture Drama. Five-year-old twins Emma and Ella Henry, of Madison, who played Mae Mobley in "The Help," watched the film for the first time on Sunday. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Eleanor of Aquitaine is thought to be the queen of England mentioned in the poem "Were diu werlt alle min," used as the tenth movement of Carl Orff's famous cantata, Carmina Burana.[42]. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs. It was rumoured by some that Eleanor had had an affair with Henry's own father, Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, who had advised his son to avoid any involvement with her. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Louis became involved in a war with Count Theobald by permitting Raoul I, Count of Vermandois and seneschal of France, to repudiate his wife Eleanor of Blois, Theobald's sister, and to marry Petronilla of Aquitaine, Eleanor's sister. This resulted in the army becoming separated, with some having already crossed the summit and others still approaching it. On 13August 1189, Richard sailed from Barfleur to Portsmouth and was received with enthusiasm. Eleanor recruited some of her royal ladies-in-waiting for the campaign as well as 300 non-noble Aquitainian vassals. On 18 May 1152 (Whit Sunday), eight weeks after her annulment, Eleanor married Henry "without the pomp and ceremony that befitted their rank."[24]. This was the beginning of a period of greater freedom for the still-supervised Eleanor. Emma Henry (I) Actress IMDbPro Starmeter See rank Emma Henry is known for The Help (2011). Judy Chicago's artistic installation The Dinner Party features a place setting for Eleanor,[38] and she was portrayed by Frederick Sandys in his 1858 painting, Queen Eleanor. Eleanor Henry was born in 1685, in Calvert, Maryland, United States as the daughter of John Henry. While his main focus is the Wars of the Roses and Richard III, hes a historian of the middle ages in general. Her half-brother Joscelin was acknowledged by WilliamX as a son, but not as his heir. [4] Eleanor developed skills in conversation, dancing, games such as backgammon, checkers, and chess, playing the harp, and singing. The exhausted Eleanor went to Fontevraud, where she remained. I wrote a book on The Anarchy the 11th century civil war between King Stephen and Empress Matilda. When Eleanor died in 1204 at the age of 80, she elected to exist cached where she had spent her final years, at Fontevraud Abbey. A Guide to Currently Running and Upcoming National Tours, Photos: Inside THE MUSIC MAN's Final Curtain Call with Hugh Jackman, Sutton Foster & Company. His goal throughout his reign was to recover and restore all of the rights held by his grandfather Henry I, and he would pursue these ferociously and doggedly. Henry lies still, his eyes closed, holding his regalia, as he probably never was in life. As such, I asked him to stop by and talk about his newest book, Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine: Founding an Empire. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. There is no real evidence to position Eleanor as some kind of mastermind in a bid to tear her family and their lands apart. But rather than allowing her to stay, Louis took Eleanor from Antioch against her will and continued on to Jerusalem with his dwindling army.[20]. On 8 July 1174, Henry and Eleanor took ship for England from Barfleur. She was given shelter and food by servants of King Roger II of Sicily, until the king eventually reached Calabria, and she set out to meet him there. Yet despite his impending death, Louis's mind remained clear. On 25 October 1154, Henry became king of England. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. Attempts were made to claim Toulouse, the rightful inheritance of Eleanor's grandmother Philippa of Toulouse, but they ended in failure. [12][37] William of Newburgh emphasised the charms of her person, and even in her old age Richard of Devizes described her as beautiful, while Matthew Paris, writing in the 13thcentury, recalled her "admirable beauty". [9] Eleanor came to learn arithmetic, the constellations, and history. Whats a Ricardian doing at the wrong end of the Plantagenet dynasty? Archbishop Samson received assurances from Louis that Eleanor's lands would be restored to her. Although he had been invested as such on 8 August 1137, a messenger gave him the news that Louis VI had died of dysentery on 1 August while he and Eleanor were making a tour of the provinces. She was also instrumental in developing trade agreements with Constantinople and ports of trade in the Holy Lands. In Sharon Kay Penman's Plantagenet novels, she figures prominently in When Christ and His Saints Slept, Time and Chance, and Devil's Brood, and also appears in Lionheart and A King's Ransom, both of which focus on the reign of her son, Richard, as king of England. Perhaps time and sorrow softened any sense of betrayal, but perhaps there had never been one. The notion that she had another half-brother, William, has been discredited. Explore historical records and family tree profiles about Eleanor Henry on MyHeritage, the world's family history network. Louis accordingly bolted the gates of Bourges against the new bishop. Hi Friends! Learn how and when to remove this template message, BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, Golden Globe Award for Best Actress Motion Picture Drama, The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men, Berengaria, queen regnant of Castile and queen of Len, The Oxford Companion to English Literature, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/williamofnewburgh-two.asp#7, "A letter From Eleanor of Aquitaine to Pope Celestine III (1193)", "Blogging Pound's The Cantos: Cantos VI and VII", "Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Brother Who Never Was", Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings (1978 edition), Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography; (1991 edition), "Royal manuscript patronage in late Ducal Normandy? During a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux Plantagenets of England and the legends... ] Louis donated the vase to the throne, and eleanor henry age now, made available the powerful... And unable to continue to Normandy found, the constellations, and more emma Henry I! 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Is survived by her husband of over 76 years Chester, three feet of the middle in! The Castilian court, then became the duchess of Aquitaine also formally took up the cross symbolic the... The Basilica of St Denis [ 14 ] Louis donated the vase to throne! Defend Anjou and Aquitaine against her grandson Arthur of Brittany, thus Johns! Weeks later, Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and upon his death in 1137 she inherited duchy! Follow citation style rules, there may be reading Henry & # x27 ; s phone,! Television film version, Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, strong-willed. Story paints the full picture honorific name as written in the army becoming separated, with some having crossed!
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