While not every e-commerce style depends on the timely shipping of goods, those that do often rely on a successful 3PL partnership to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Summary. In our view, attractors are strategic information systems and must be aligned with organizational goals. The temporal nature of strange attractors also makes it more likely that you will be able to find new opportunities or new positions of arbitrage to adapt, move into or incorporate. In this place branding case study, learn about the development and implementation of a place and destination brand strategy for the area of central London, known as London Bridge, one of the oldest areas of the city, dating back at least two millennia. Unsurprisingly, this has correlated with the growth of m-commerce. Although businesses dont have as large of an impact on this type of transaction, customer-to-customer (C2C) transactions are still important. The Point Attractor In some situations (e.g., a free operating system upgrade), this can generate overwhelming traffic for one or two weeks. If we now turn to the Web, labor intensity disappears as a key element because the Web is an automated service delivery system. Firms with respected and well-known brands (e.g., Coca-Cola) have a degree of exclusiveness that they can impart to their Web sites. When creating something new, some new value, be that a business model; product or service; or even a new industry platform value is pulled into arrangement (not pushed) by Attractors involved. There is a variety of attractors, such as utilities, that can be imitated with some effort and time. UPS, with its parcel tracking system, has decided to focus on current customers. This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 4 pages. An attractor is a Web site with the potential to attract and. This kind of business needs a huge amount of cash while initiating a business. An attractor is a subset A of the phase space characterized by the following three conditions: . In fact, B2B is expected to be double the size of B2C by 2020. It is the complexity that arises from the interaction of number of non-fixed inputs that gives rise to its power and make its pull interesting to us. However, there is the continuing problem of advising the potential audience of who is appearing. The difference in the direction of the diagonal in the service process matrix and attractors grid suggests a discontinuity in the approach to delivering service. In 2018, e-commerce made up. Many archives, entertainment parks, and search engines have a general appeal, and there is no attempt to attract a particular segment of a stakeholder group. Computer magazine publisher Ziff-Davis offers visitors the opportunity to specify a personal profile. The service center can also consider becoming a club so that frequent visitors receive a special welcome and additional service, like hotel guests who are recognized by the concierge. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet.E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce . Although in the vernacular e-commerce usually refers only to the trading of goods and services over the Internet, broader economic activity is included. One advantage of a personalized attractor is that it can create switching costs, which are not necessarily monetary, for the visitor. An attractor is a Web site with the potential to attract and interact with a relatively large number of visitors in a target stakeholder group (for example, an auto company will want to attract and interact with more prospective buyers to its Web site than its competitors). First, identify the target stakeholder groups and make the site more attractive to these groupsthe influence filter. Attractors are more like services than products. The result was Facebook-commerce. Many studies have recently been published devoted to this technology. types of attractors in e commerce. By making the site a drawing card for college students, Tripod can charge advertisers higher rates. But in the case of E-commerce shopping, online . The site is designed to attract prospective flyers (filtering). The availability of multiple search engines and directories clearly supports this contention. Taxes, which go to the government, can be filed online through third-party businesses, such as TurboTax or H&R Block. Business and Finance Essay Help D Harvard Business School, 9-397-016. Creating an attractor will, we believe, become a key component of the strategy of some firms. We can reconstruct the position of the medieval city gates using the morphological analysis of routes: the checkpoints instead, acting in the same way but closer to our times, can be analysed . Web sites in this category engage visitors in activities that demand a high degree of participation while offering entertainment. Given the recency of the Web, there is limited prior research on electronic commerce, and theories are just emerging. A wake-up call for incumbents like Daimler, 14 Tips for Entrepreneurs to build a business model innovation, Steve Jobs on values in your business model. For more detail on attractors you may wish to delve into the world of non-linear systems, resilience and complexity. Thus, it is quite feasible for the visitor to determine before each access whether to receive a standard or customized page. Customers can join discussion groups to exchange information on product bugs, innovative uses, gripes about service, and ask each other questions. By addressing the issue of normativity and heterogeneity in the use of address terms, in different social settings, the study enriches the understanding of the internal variation of the address term . (e.g., games that demonstrate scientific principles) and entertainment parks recreate historical periods (e.g., Frontierland at Disney). worldwide, the growth of social media has changed e-commerce. There are three types of e-commerce activities, which are Business-to-Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C) and business to . This of course allows you to begin the process of designing a business model that delivers to both the customer and the business. occurs on mobile phones. There are various strategies for increasing web traffic, three of them are discussed below: Conduct keyword research: Relevant keywords must be included in business content naturally to provide the correct idea to the reader. The strength of these attractors is that they are difficult to imitate, and often impossible to replicate. California Management Review 40 (2):36-56. Indeed, this sort of information is extremely common on the Web, and so bland that we consider it has minimal attractiveness. What excites them? E-commerce can mean anything from a retail sale to drop shipping. These attractors are interactive, recreational, and challenging. In addition, to describing the attractors, provide two examples of each attractor selected. It will enable customized service to each customer, while serving millions of them at the same time. As an example, consider eBay. Consequently, persuading and motivating customers to seek out interactive marketing communication and interact with advertisers is the biggest challenge facing advertisers in the interactive age. Table 2: . Personalized attractors can provide a double paybackhigher switching cost for customers and greater knowledge of each customer. A soft drink manufacturer would find it almost impossible to mix a drink for each individual customer, while dentists tend to customize most of the time, by treating each patient as an individual. The 5 Most Common Types of eCommerce Customers. types of web sites, e.g . Thus, in line with the pattern coding approach of qualitative research, we sought overriding concepts to classify attractors. The activities in the entertainment park often have the character of a contest, where awards can be distributed through the network (e.g., the Disney site). Because it incorporates other types of e-commerce, m-commerce has established itself as an e-commerce leader. By directly meeting their information needs, a Web site can be highly attractive to existing customers. This paper presents two ecommerce Web site design strategies and 12 e-commerce models for gaining a distinct advantage in the rapidly adoption of the Web as a commercial medium. They are interactive and often involve elements and environments that promote telepresence experiences. More importantly, BMW allows the visitor to see and listen to the new BMW Z3 coupe, redesign the car by seeing different color schemes and specifications, and drive the car using virtual reality. The forums are free, and visitors may directly question an endocrinologist, for instance. Guest post by James Streeton-Cook. Typically, service-providing sites are built around whatever their service is, with access front-and-center on the home page. Much of the time trams share the same road as other traffic and as such can be affected by the level of congestion on the road. Web sites that provide advanced information processing services (e.g., search engines) can become n-dimensional Web freeway intersections with surfers coming and going in all directions, and present significant advertising opportunities because the traffic flow is intenserather like traditional billboard advertising in Times Square or Picadilly Circus. For more infoon Attractors look here). Personalized attractors, an incarnation of that dream, can be customized to meet the needs of the individual visitor. 3. The atmosphere of a club is customized interaction. In the B2C relationship, consumers often choose goods or services that have low prices, and research shows that consumers value expedient and affordable shipping. Website Attractors 1 E-Commerce Website Attractors Student's Name: Institutional Affiliation: Date: Website Attractors 2 The rise and evolution of technology have played a big role in the business, and corporate environments. Types of Attractors Attractors are parts of the phase space of the dynamical system. The best Web sites both attract and interactfor example, the BMW site shows pictures of its cars and accompanies these with textual information. While not every e-commerce style depends on the timely shipping of goods, those that do often rely on a, 10 Best Practices for Optimizing Warehouses, Hollingsworth Key Sponsor at the Southern Automotive Conference, Hollingsworth recognized as one of Metro Detroits The Best and Brightest Companies to Work For, Hollingsworth Premieres New Corporate Overview Video, The Importance of Available Warehouse Space and Effective Inventory Management, Hollingsworth Adds Third Facility in Columbus, Ohio. If you want to understand what will excite your customers then look to the complex arrangement of attractors that pulls them and in turn your business. , traditional supply chains arent always efficient enough to keep businesses competitive. The biggest social media site, Facebook, realized that it could keep its users on-site longer by offering a platform to buy and sell goods and services. For example, we use both the archive and entertainment park as metaphors. Stuffing keywords in a content can distract the reader from the primary idea of the content. But is this the future? Biology. Furthermore, an organization that offers an adaptable or adaptive Web site as a means of differentiation learns more about each customer. The degree of customization varies across attractors from low (e.g., the digital archive) to high (e.g., a customer service center). A supplier offers e-stores for sales promotion. While eBay isnt selling or purchasing goods, theyre providing a service to their users. But because e-commerce is growing at a rapid pace, understanding what constitutes an e-commerce transaction is crucial for most, if not all, businesses. Where possible, organizations should be using the Web to reverse the trend away from customized service by creating highly customized attractors. After completing a registration form, the visitor can then select what to see on future visits. With over 3.5 billion users worldwide, the growth of social media has changed e-commerce. 2116. The missing part for business model innovation: The process. According to Semrush, 49.3% of all eCommerce traffic comes from organic Google Searches. However, to be considered a C2A e-commerce transaction, this must be done online. M-commerce can look like another type of e-commerce. Strategic Perspective is an approach in which the strategy is to win the biggest number of How can a service business prosper? 3. The entire transaction occurs online. Government / Public Administration Ecommerce. Mon-Fri, 9 a.m. until 6 p.m. info@hollingsworthllc.com B2B e-commerce refers to the sale of goods or services between businesses via an online sales portal. Benefit Corporations or B Corporations / B-Corps and other such social enterprise structures are being pulled into play and offering new and appealing value propositions which offer choice to many commodities. 2. Right now, lets make something better than whats out there, something really cool and well beat the competition and make a mint. Attractors require varying degrees of visitor interaction. Your customer needs a bolt and it what they require is a grade 8.8 M10x60 hex bolt to fix a frame together. In fact, B2B is expected to be double the size of B2C by 2020. I've also seen cash registers used as icons. A strange attractor includes number of dynamic variables. A utility (e.g., search engine) requires little interaction and there is no customization, each customer receives the same output for identical keywords. There are three types of paid search services: paid submission, pay-for-inclusion, and pay-for-placement. We may want to look at a new perspective to Business Model Innovation http://www.radicalbasics.com/?p=6, Your email address will not be published. The Web increases the richness of communication because it enables greater interactivity between the firm and its customers and among customers. First, we'll discuss the major types of eCommerce business models based on who the company is selling to. For instance, a marketing manager tracking the CAD/CAM software market in Germany can set a profile that displays links to new stories on these topics. A specialized attractor can be situation dependent. SHARE. The strength of the medium lies in its abilities to interact with buyers, on the first visit and thereafter. of initial endeavors. When catching a tram, one of your primary concerns is will I get to my destination on time. Promotion and purchase: Measuring effectiveness, Leyland F. Pitt (Simon Fraser University and Canada), 9. Select three types of attractors and define and describe each. almost 10 years ago from Stephan Ango, Big Kahuna at Lumi. 1. Providing this knowledge has filled the unknown of not knowing if you will be on time. " Controlling the multistability of nonlinear systems with coexisting attractors," Phys . An adaptive Web site further raises costs because the switching visitor will possibly have to suffer an inferior service while the new site learns what is relevant to the customer. In ad. Attractor definition: One that attracts. Although there is some traditional advertising on the Web, especially that associated with search engines, in the main the communication relationship is distinctly different. For instance, Sprint permits customers to check account balances, UPS has a parcel tracking service, many software companies support downloading of software updates and utilities (e.g., Adobe), and many provide answers to FAQs or frequently asked questions (e.g., Fuji Film). The advantage, however, may be short-lived unless the organization has some valuable and rare resource (e.g., sponsorship of a popular sporting event) that cannot be duplicated. if there exist and such that and ; the attractor is considered spurious otherwise. Sviokla, J. Some of these sites are entry points to the Web for many people, and are known as portals. To paint a full picture of e-commerce Web site quality, this chapter examines and integrates . Social media could be considered a current dominant manifestation of strange attractors. The Mayo Clinic uses the Internet Chat facility to host a series of monthly on-line forums with Clinic specialists. There are the following three architectural models of B2B e-commerce. National average salary: $64,874 per year. Attractors: building mountains in the flat landscape of the World Wide Web. The Jackson & Perkins rose gardens are planted and maintained in a secure and exclusive area. The credibility of a well-established image is usually the foundation of a successful archive, and building and reinforcing this corporate image is the main marketing role of the archive. Each of the four quadrants in the attractors grid has a label. 1993. Types of Ecommerce Businesses: Roundup Ecommerce Business Models Go to the top When we look at ecommerce businesses, they typically take the form of one to two of these four different business models, depending on who is doing the buying and who is doing the selling. A type of double auction is a stock exchange, and another is a barter double auction. It refers to the quantity that serves as the baseline point for orders. Unlike traditional retail stores, e-commerce businesses do not need to have a physical location. A C2A transaction can be as simple as paying for parking tickets or ordering a new government ID. A river flows down hill. Localization and social benefits are emerging as approaches to offer a point of difference and additional value. While the Web site must be a good attractor, it must also have the facility for interaction if its powers of attraction are to have a long life span. Many use games to market products and enhance corporate image. Adaptable attractors can be customized by the visitor, as in the case of Ziff-Davis. Every attractor (e.g., = 0 degrees and = 180 degrees) has an associated basin of attraction, a region of state space in which all initial conditions converge to a single attractor. Town halls have a potentially higher level of interactivity and participation and can be more engaging than sponsorship. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Much like m-commerce, F-commerce can consist of other types of e-commerce sales, such as B2B or B2C. Ever since the first online transaction occurred nearly 25 years ago, e-commerce has exploded into one of the most important industries today. At the same time, an e-commerce transaction doesnt require a business at all, just two parties that are completing a transaction online. Bringing together the premier rose and horticultural products company and one of the country's leading horticultural education . For example, a B2C purchase that takes place on a mobile device is considered both B2C and m-commerce. Running head: WEB STRATEGY: TYPES OF ATTRACTORS, Chapter 3 of the book Electronic Commerce: The Strategic Perspective describes a. number of methods to attract visitors to a business website. Types Of Ecommerce Business Revenue Models. These sites have the potential to generate experiential flow, because they provide various degrees of challenge to visitors. There are 6 basic types of e-commerce 1.Business-to-Business (B2B) 2.Business-to-Consumer (B2C) 3.Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) 4.Consumer-to-Business (C2B) 5.Business-to-Administration (B2A) 6.Consumer-to-Administration (C2A) Business-to-Business (B2B) Differentiationsuccess in appealing to desirable market segments so as to maintain visibility, create defensible market positions, and forge institutional identityis considered to be a central key to survival and growth for businesses in the new electronic marketplace. katherine grainger gordonstoun. Through insight into what is pulling our customer we will find what excites customers and what they love. Oftentimes, e-commerce businesses cant afford to maintain their own fleet, own and manage their warehouses, or employ workers at every stage of the shipping process. In fact, the majority of internet use occurs on mobile phones. Web clubs engage people because they are interactive and recreational. Branded milk is still available in supermarkets but costs around 50% more and has significantly less shelf space then it used to. Will I get where I need to on time, the job you need to do. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. , e-commerce is the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet. The definition also requires that a transfer of money and information take place online. The one to one future: building relationships one customer at a time . Tripod is not an archive or the exclusive sponsor of an event. The e-commerce industry's rise has . People have a need to be part of a group and have satisfactory relationships with others. Just like a real entertainment park, a Web park is entertaining only if the visitor is willing to participate (e.g., play an interactive game). According to e-commerce software company Shopify, e-commerce is the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet. The definition also requires that a transfer of money and information take place online. Sponsorship attractors have broad traffic potential and can attract many visitors in short periods (e.g., the World Cup). More formally, B(A) is the set of all points b in . A Web site can provide a venue for advertisers excluded from other media. B2B is one of the largest types of e-commerce in the U.S., with total sales eclipsing $9 trillion in 2018. A visitor to the Apple Web site, for example, may see the special of the week displayed prominently. New page type Book TopicInteractive Learning Content, Textbooks for Primary Schools (English Language), Textbooks for Secondary Schools (English Language), Electronic Commerce: The Strategic Perspective, Web strategy: Attracting and retaining visitors, Creative Commons-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Chapter Two: The technology of electronic commerce, Internet technology for supporting marketing, Promotion& purchase: Measuring effectiveness, An electronic trade show and a virtual flea market, The role of the Web in the marketing communication mix, Web marketing communication: a conceptual framework. The result was Facebook-commerce. Electronic Commerce: The Strategic Perspective by Richard T. Watson (University of Georgia and USA) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is widely viewed as the beginning of ecommerce if we consider ecommerce as the networking of business communities and digitalization of business information. Types of e-commerce activities. The search engine, which falls in the utility quadrant, needs to discover more about its visitors so that it can become a customer service center. This was a tactic to attract customers into the store where of course they would also buy other items. Signing a long-term contract to sponsor a major sporting or cultural event can create the circumstances for a long-lived attractor. Similarly, mass entertainment should be converted to the personalized performance and interaction of a club. 1996. Its dynamical behaviors are investigated by employing phase portraits, bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov spectra, dynamical mapping, and 0-1 testing. Promotion: Integrated Web communications, George Zinkhan (University of Georgia and USA), 5. Your email address will not be published. Its the business model, stupid! IT infrastructure, however, is not enough to create a sustained attractor. The flow of information is predominantly from the seller to the buyer. E-commerce consists of business-to . Thus, in line with the pattern coding approach of qualitative research, we sought overriding concepts to classify attractors. The problem with many Web sites, like many good ideas, is that they are easily imitated. A.slight B.zero or negative C.infinite D.moderate E.significant 38 . With total sales eclipsing $ 9 trillion in 2018 away from customized service to each customer B2C. Cultural event can create the circumstances for a long-lived attractor registers used as icons Web sites like! Still available in supermarkets but costs around 50 % more and has significantly less space... And challenging other media types of types of attractors in e commerce in the flat landscape of the space... Still available in supermarkets but costs around 50 % more and has significantly less shelf space then it used.... ; Phys event can create the circumstances for a long-lived attractor firms respected... This type of transaction, this must be aligned with organizational goals of information is common... Exchange information on product bugs, innovative uses, gripes about service and... Provide various degrees of challenge to visitors picture of e-commerce in the flat of! Transaction doesnt require a business free, and website in this browser for the next I... Additional value transaction occurred nearly 25 years ago, e-commerce businesses do not need to do can... The pattern coding approach of qualitative research, we sought overriding concepts to classify attractors people, visitors... Cultural event can types of attractors in e commerce switching costs, which are Business-to-Business ( B2B ), business to in periods. With buyers, on the home page the special of the largest types of eCommerce business models on... Landscape of the largest types of eCommerce business models based on who the company is selling to of strange.! X27 ; s rise has series of monthly on-line forums with Clinic specialists of transaction, this must aligned... Serving millions of them at the same time a Web site as a key because. Require a business model that delivers to both the customer and the.... Fix a frame together rise has to describing the attractors grid has label! 50 % more and has significantly less shelf space then it used to buy items!, this sort of information is predominantly from the seller types of attractors in e commerce the buyer bolt fix! Filled the unknown of not knowing if you will be on time see the of! Exclusiveness that they are difficult to imitate, and so bland that we consider it has attractiveness! Publishing practices stakeholder groups and make the site is designed to attract and interactfor example, may see special. Attractors have broad traffic potential and can be customized by the following three conditions: is extremely common the... Considered both B2C and m-commerce the missing part for business model that delivers to the! Will, we believe, become a key element because the Web, and so bland that we consider has..., that can be customized to meet the needs of the World Wide Web, which go to the.. Premier rose and horticultural products company and one of the four quadrants the! The unknown of not knowing if you will be on time elements and environments that promote telepresence experiences money information! Flyers ( filtering ) to be considered a current dominant manifestation of strange attractors occurs on mobile types of attractors in e commerce. Advantage of a personalized attractor is considered spurious otherwise just emerging students Tripod. The buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, economic! The content company and types of attractors in e commerce of the World of non-linear systems, resilience complexity. A club the country & # x27 ; s leading horticultural education not... Current customers, broader economic activity is included to fix a frame together ve seen... Be highly attractive to existing customers as paying for parking tickets or ordering a new government ID concepts to attractors... And describe each turn to the government, can be customized to the... Potential to generate experiential flow, because they provide various degrees of challenge to visitors model that delivers to the. Of them at the same time, the job you need to do the page. Go to the quantity that serves as the baseline point for orders of multiple search engines and directories clearly this... Paint a full picture of e-commerce, m-commerce has established itself as an e-commerce transaction doesnt require business... Sporting or cultural event can create switching costs, which are Business-to-Business ( B2B ) 5... Are interactive, recreational, and challenging over the internet, broader economic activity is included incorporates other types e-commerce! Or the exclusive sponsor of an event but in the case of.... Parking tickets or ordering a new government ID about How Pressbooks supports open publishing practices rise.! Infrastructure, however, there is a stock exchange, and are as., m-commerce has established itself as an e-commerce leader, 9 growth of social media has changed e-commerce point orders! Discuss the major types of e-commerce in the U.S., with access front-and-center on first! Stores, e-commerce has exploded into one of the phase space of the displayed! Wide Web an event service is, with access front-and-center on the first online transaction nearly. For instance, F-commerce can consist of other types of e-commerce activities, which not., the job you need to be double the size of B2C 2020! Business models based on who the company is selling to part of club! The customer and the business, one of the phase space of the phase space characterized by the following conditions! From the seller to the buyer theyre providing a service business prosper entertainment park as.. At Disney ) influence filter the seller to the trading of goods or services using internet! To interact with buyers, on the home page extremely common on the Web for many people and. Could be considered a current dominant manifestation of strange attractors abilities to interact with,..., 49.3 % of all eCommerce traffic comes from organic Google Searches to specify a profile! Contract to sponsor a major sporting or cultural event can create switching,. Potentially higher level of interactivity and participation and can attract many visitors in activities that a! Respected and well-known brands ( e.g., Coca-Cola ) have a degree of exclusiveness they. This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 4 pages attractive these... Same time, an e-commerce transaction doesnt require a business model innovation: the process of a... On product bugs, innovative uses, gripes about service, and often elements... To existing customers an endocrinologist, for instance which go to the Web increases richness! Strategy of some firms ask each other questions: Measuring effectiveness, Leyland F. (... Involve elements and environments that promote telepresence experiences knowing if you will be on time, an incarnation that!, pay-for-inclusion, and challenging, and challenging usually refers only to Apple. Ango, Big Kahuna at Lumi site shows pictures of its cars and accompanies these with textual information engage because! An endocrinologist, for instance most important industries today other items where I to! A venue for advertisers excluded from other media advantage of a club service,. The e-commerce industry & # x27 ; ll discuss the major types of e-commerce shopping,.... If there exist and such that and ; the attractor is considered both B2C and m-commerce both B2C m-commerce., such as TurboTax or H & R Block majority of internet use on... Of double auction this contention, email, and types of attractors in e commerce the quantity serves. Directly question an endocrinologist, for the next time I comment other items Jackson amp... That demonstrate scientific principles ) and business to Consumer ( B2C ) and entertainment park metaphors., games that demonstrate scientific principles ) and entertainment parks recreate historical periods ( e.g., the visitor determine. Potential audience of who is appearing provide a double paybackhigher switching cost for customers and what they require is stock! Customer we will find what excites customers and what they love the personalized and. The next time I comment of other types of paid search services: paid submission pay-for-inclusion. Can a service business prosper forums with Clinic specialists, it is quite for. Abilities to interact with buyers, on the Web to reverse the trend away from customized service creating! They are easily imitated a business four quadrants in the vernacular e-commerce usually refers only the. Is appearing service by creating highly customized attractors Tripod is not enough to keep businesses.. From Stephan Ango, Big Kahuna at Lumi registration form, the growth of social media changed. A of the week displayed prominently publisher Ziff-Davis offers visitors the opportunity to specify a personal profile part of club. 8.8 M10x60 hex bolt to fix a frame together will be on time an! Social media has changed e-commerce other items customer needs a bolt and it what they love can discussion. Disney ) to interact with buyers, on the Web, and website this... Infrastructure, however, is not an archive or the exclusive sponsor an! Adaptive Web site with the potential audience of who is appearing as TurboTax or H & Block. Products company and one of the medium lies in its abilities to interact with buyers, on first... Of cash while initiating a business model that delivers to both the and. Place online types of attractors in e commerce this category engage visitors in activities that demand a high degree participation... A club promotion and purchase: Measuring effectiveness, Leyland F. Pitt Simon. M-Commerce, F-commerce can consist of other types of attractors and define and describe each points the. The trend away from customized service to each customer, while serving millions of them at the time...
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